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They act in the regulation of neurogenesis 54 , neuronal function, and homeostasis under physiological conditions and in the absence of inflammation 55

Pengfei Li, [email protected]

Critically, 35 of these 36 studies were preclinical animal experiments

doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2014.12.010 DISCLAIMER: These statements have not been approved by the Food and Drug Administration

However, when the adaptive capacity is overcome, hemolytic erythrocyte-derived products act as signaling molecules, namely DAMPs, which promote inflammation via triggering TLR4-dependent activation of endothelial cells associated with NF-B-mediated synthesis of proinflammatory cytokines, TLR4-independent, ROS-, NADPH oxidase- and heme iron-mediated promotion of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) formation, TLR4-dependent activation of macrophages accompanied by secretion of tumor necrosis factor (TNF-), and MyD88/TRIF pathway-mediated TLR4-dependent microglia activation that triggers neuroinflammation [224]

Arrigo AP